Thursday, November 12, 2009
Memory/RAM Buying Guide
The RAM is a major key to a computer's performance. The speed of your computer depends on how much RAM it has to run applications. Increasing the memory of your computer is a great way to boast performance with just a few bucks. So, what exactly is computer memory/RAM? What should a computer user look for while shopping for RAM?
The memory of the computer is the RAM (Read Access Memory). The RAM is different from the hard drive (storage or disk space) or flash memory. The RAM helps determine the speed of a computer. When you save a file on your system, it gets permanently stored in the hard drive. This data in the hard drive can't be retrieved at the click of a second without a good RAM size. As a comparison, the RAM is like the machine workshop and the hard drive is like the store. Anything in your workshop is easily accessible. However, if you need something from the store, it will take some time for you to drive over and back. Many common programs such as Word and your browser use RAM to run quicker.
Simply put, the RAM offers temporary storage for data. The hard drive stores information in a fast spinning splatter. To retrieve information, the head of the hard drive reads it off the splatter. Temporary data is stored in the computer memory in the form of electrical signals. The information stored in the computer memory is easy and quick to access and is erased when you shut down your computer.
A larger RAM size will make your system work faster. Browser taps, Microsoft Word, Notepad, and other computer software programs occupy considerable amount of memory space. You may want to update your computer memory if it has a very low RAM. With a small memory size, your computer will definitely struggle to load a certain programs.
Considerations
Size
The size of your memory is probably the most important aspect of the RAM. Simply put, the bigger the better. Your motherboard will have limitations though, so make sure you don't go over these limits. I always recommend 2 GB for people buying new computers. If your motherboard can handle it, this is a good memory size to shoot for. Don't be discouraged if you can't afford this though. Any increase over your current amount of RAM will help.
Speed
The speed of your memory will be determined by your motherboard. However, many boards support multiple speeds of memory. It is suggested that you get the fastest speed that your motherboard can handle.
Latency
Latency is the time delay only after which the data can be accessed in the RAM. So the less, the better. However, their is a big price increase as latency decreases.
A computer RAM is usually located next to the CPU on the motherboard. It is important to shop for the RAM that will fit well in your motherboard. In addition, not all RAM can work well with your computer. A visit to a good memory manufacturers' website, like Kingston.com, can help you dictate the right memory for your system. Write down the list of recommended memory types for your system and search online for a good bargain. I always recommend the crucial memory tool to help find the correct memory for your system. Installing the RAM is very easy if you can handle a screwdriver with at least little technical 'dexterity.'
Buying a Motherboard
Older generations of motherboards don't usually support modern CPUs. This is due to compatibility problems such as voltage difference, chip features, and BIOS support. For multiple graphic cards, you must buy a board with chipsets that support them. In fact, you have to choose a board that will work with the chipset you need. To do this, check the motherboard features lists. The chipset determines board speed and memory speed as well as expansion capabilities.
RAM SLOTS
To achieve the very best of performance look for motherboards that support DDR3 memory. Depending on the motherboard, you'll typically see two to four memory slots. Pick a motherboard that has enough slots to accommodate everything you need. You also need to make sure that the speed of your memory matches up with the speed up your motherboard. For example, if your motherboard requires DDR3 PC3 8500, makes sure you buy RAM that is DDR3 PC3 8500. Lastly, each memory slot will have a maximum size. Make sure that you don't go over this maximum size for the memory slot.
FORM FACTOR
The form factor is the standard for dimensions and layout. Form factor ensures proper positioning of expansion holes, ports, and mounting holes. To put shortly, buy the form factor that supports your case. Most motherboards are in the ATX form factor. For a smaller case, use a smaller MicroATX board.
CPU SOCKET
This is the most important consideration you have to make. You must make sure the motherboard you buy supports the family of processor you want. For instance, AM2 socket uses 940 pins and it rides well with DDR2 SDRAM. Almost all recently manufactured boards for Intel CPUs use LGA775 sockets. For AMD, use AM2+. This provides you with added advantage for upgrade as well.
PCI SLOTS
Look for ATX boards that provide slots for expansion. Check to see that your expansion card is compatible with the slots types. PCI slots are usually for Ethernet cards and sound cards. For higher bandwidth cards such as PCIe graphic cards, you need PCIe x16 slots. A PCIe x1 slot is for an Ethernet card.
STORAGE
SATA drives are the storage standard right now. Before you buy, make sure your board supports SATA drives. Most modern motherboards give SATA and IDE connections.
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
CPU Buying Guide
The CPU is the powerhouse of a computer. The CPU interprets data and writes the data for storage or for display on your screen. The CPU consists of millions of transistors wrapped in silicon. Upgrading your computer is a relatively simple task. Once you understand the terminologies, you're equipped to take the journey on your own. However, first-timers, often a time; can make potentially risky pick. This buying guide is aimed to assist people of all computer experience make the right decision.
Buying a processor based on what you intend to do with your computer can save you some money. For example, a computer for simple tasks like email and surfing doesn't necessarily need multicore processors or the fastest clock speeds. If you are just using your computer for this, I would recommend a middle of the line dual-core chip. Multicore processors are designed for gaming, video or audio editing, and general multitasking. If you do a lot of gaming, video editing, etc, a faster dual-core or quad-core processor is for you.
Quad-Core processors are the latest processor in the market. These processors guarantee superb performance. You can now order computers with quad-core processors from any major computer manufacturer or you can do it yourself. Almost all modern computers come with dual core processors. Single Core processors are found in old computers and their performance is not as good compared to modern multi-core chips.
Intel and AMD are two of the world's major CPU/Processor manufacturers. Intel is the industry household name and has been struggling to maintain market dominance amidst strong rivalry from AMD (Advanced Micro Devices). Intel enjoys 70% of market dominance and many IT professionals believe it has a better technology.
To buy a processor, you need to know the amount of Clock Speed, System Bus Speed, L2 Cache, and Processor Core that would serve your purpose. You may also consider a processor with 64-bit support. As I said earlier, this guide acquaints you with almost all the jargons to help you make the right decision before you set out for a new CPU. After going through this article, it is recommended that you visit AMD or Intel Website for the latest midrange and high-end processors.
Note: Socket Type and Platform
The CPU you buy must have a socket that matches the motherboard, for example, LGA775 Processors for LGA775 board. In addition, check to see if your motherboard supports the CPU model, you intend to buy. This will be found in your motherboard manual. If you can't find this, it most likely can be found online. Here are some brief descriptions of CPU specifications.
1. Architecture
The majority of software runs fine with a 32-bit processor. Architecture refers to which processor type --32-bit or 64-bit core-- that would properly run your software. Depending on your project, you may opt for a single core, dual, or quad core processor. A Quad Core processor is the number one CPU right now but it also the most expensive in general.
2. Clock Speed or Operating Frequency
The speed of the processor is the clock speed and it's measured in hertz. The clock speed is simply how many times per second the processor performs basic functions such as addition of two numbers. Due to technological innovations, processors now have clock speed of billions of cycles per second (GHz). The clockspeed determines the performance of the CPU. As you know, a 3.5Hz is faster than a 3.4 HZ.
3. Hyperthreading
Hyperthreading also known as multi-threading makes one chip to act as multiple processors. With hyperthreading, the different parts of the CPU perform different tasks simultaneously.
4. SocketSpeed
Socket speed is a name or numbers that refers to the location on the motherboard that the CPU fits in.
5. Front-Side Bus
FSB is the front-side bus. The FSB states the fastest type of memory for your system. FSB determines the speed transmitted between the memory and the processor. A faster FSB does speed up RAM operations and overall system performance.
6. L2 Cache
You can increase performance and responsiveness by opting for higher Cache capacity. Large capacity like 2MB allows recently accessed data to be instantly available to the processor.
Hopefully now you have all the information you need to make an informed decision on purchasing a new CPU.
Buying a processor based on what you intend to do with your computer can save you some money. For example, a computer for simple tasks like email and surfing doesn't necessarily need multicore processors or the fastest clock speeds. If you are just using your computer for this, I would recommend a middle of the line dual-core chip. Multicore processors are designed for gaming, video or audio editing, and general multitasking. If you do a lot of gaming, video editing, etc, a faster dual-core or quad-core processor is for you.
Quad-Core processors are the latest processor in the market. These processors guarantee superb performance. You can now order computers with quad-core processors from any major computer manufacturer or you can do it yourself. Almost all modern computers come with dual core processors. Single Core processors are found in old computers and their performance is not as good compared to modern multi-core chips.
Intel and AMD are two of the world's major CPU/Processor manufacturers. Intel is the industry household name and has been struggling to maintain market dominance amidst strong rivalry from AMD (Advanced Micro Devices). Intel enjoys 70% of market dominance and many IT professionals believe it has a better technology.
To buy a processor, you need to know the amount of Clock Speed, System Bus Speed, L2 Cache, and Processor Core that would serve your purpose. You may also consider a processor with 64-bit support. As I said earlier, this guide acquaints you with almost all the jargons to help you make the right decision before you set out for a new CPU. After going through this article, it is recommended that you visit AMD or Intel Website for the latest midrange and high-end processors.
Note: Socket Type and Platform
The CPU you buy must have a socket that matches the motherboard, for example, LGA775 Processors for LGA775 board. In addition, check to see if your motherboard supports the CPU model, you intend to buy. This will be found in your motherboard manual. If you can't find this, it most likely can be found online. Here are some brief descriptions of CPU specifications.
1. Architecture
The majority of software runs fine with a 32-bit processor. Architecture refers to which processor type --32-bit or 64-bit core-- that would properly run your software. Depending on your project, you may opt for a single core, dual, or quad core processor. A Quad Core processor is the number one CPU right now but it also the most expensive in general.
2. Clock Speed or Operating Frequency
The speed of the processor is the clock speed and it's measured in hertz. The clock speed is simply how many times per second the processor performs basic functions such as addition of two numbers. Due to technological innovations, processors now have clock speed of billions of cycles per second (GHz). The clockspeed determines the performance of the CPU. As you know, a 3.5Hz is faster than a 3.4 HZ.
3. Hyperthreading
Hyperthreading also known as multi-threading makes one chip to act as multiple processors. With hyperthreading, the different parts of the CPU perform different tasks simultaneously.
4. SocketSpeed
Socket speed is a name or numbers that refers to the location on the motherboard that the CPU fits in.
5. Front-Side Bus
FSB is the front-side bus. The FSB states the fastest type of memory for your system. FSB determines the speed transmitted between the memory and the processor. A faster FSB does speed up RAM operations and overall system performance.
6. L2 Cache
You can increase performance and responsiveness by opting for higher Cache capacity. Large capacity like 2MB allows recently accessed data to be instantly available to the processor.
Hopefully now you have all the information you need to make an informed decision on purchasing a new CPU.
Types of Internet Connections
There are a wide ranges of internet connections. Some are easily available while others are difficult to come by. Your choice of internet connection depends on your location and budget. However, the faster the internet connection you are using, the better for your work. The most common forms of internet connections are the DSL, Analogue (dial-up), Satellite and Cable. Other types of internet connectivity exists, from the very slow to the high-speed internet connections.
Analogue (56kbs)
The Analogue connection, also known as dial-up access, is a very slow and inexpensive type of internet connection. A dialup connection uses a modem, phone line and ISP. With an analogue connection, a subscriber connects to the internet by dialling up a phone number gotten from an ISP. The modem converts Incoming data from analogue to digital and the reverse. The dial up access provides poor internet quality.
Cable (512Kbs to 20 Mbps)
A Cable modem is a type of internet connection that allows connection via cable TV lines. The Cable internet connection uses TV channels for data transmission. Cable internet provides fast internet access. Cable TV uses coaxial cable, which support higher bandwidth than telephone lines do.
It is important to make it clear that broadband is a general name for cable, satellite and DSL types of internet connections. Broadband internet connections are highly reliable and fast. Like other types of internet connections, they require modems to connect to the internet.
Internet over Satellite (average 500Kbps)
Satellite connection provides uninterrupted internet connectivity. Internet over Satellite uses a communication satellite that is on a stationary position in orbit. Due to the huge distance the data has to be transmitted, the speed of satellite is a bit lower than Broadband types of internet connections.
Tier Carrier
These types of internet connections are used by Internet Service Providers (ISP) to connect to the internet backbone. The main difference between T-1,T-2,T-4 and T-3 internet connections are the number of individual channels. Each individual channel, that can carry both data and voice traffic, has a band width close to 64Kbps. A T-1 line consists of 26 individual channels whereas T-3 has 672 individual channels. Therefore, if you do the mathematics for T-3 lines, we are talking about 43Mbps or more. T-5 is up to 400Mbps.
DSL (128Kbps to 8Mbps)
DSL, which also refers to xDSL, uses 2-wire copper telephone lines and it does not require dialling in to an ISP. In fact, DSL is an "always on" internet connection. There are different categories of DSL and they are SDSL, VDSL and ADSL.
Optical Cable (1Gbps+)
Fiber-optic is the most common internet connection. It has the highest data rates compared to other types of internet connections after internet2. It is easy to maintain. There are three types of fiber-optic internet connections and they are the plastic optical fiber, single mode, and multimode.
Internet2 (100Gbps)
Internet2 provides the highest internet speed connectivity. It was developed by a networking consortium to meet the high-speed internet demand for research and education work. It has a speed of 100Gbps. The use of internet2 is not common.
Analogue (56kbs)
The Analogue connection, also known as dial-up access, is a very slow and inexpensive type of internet connection. A dialup connection uses a modem, phone line and ISP. With an analogue connection, a subscriber connects to the internet by dialling up a phone number gotten from an ISP. The modem converts Incoming data from analogue to digital and the reverse. The dial up access provides poor internet quality.
Cable (512Kbs to 20 Mbps)
A Cable modem is a type of internet connection that allows connection via cable TV lines. The Cable internet connection uses TV channels for data transmission. Cable internet provides fast internet access. Cable TV uses coaxial cable, which support higher bandwidth than telephone lines do.
It is important to make it clear that broadband is a general name for cable, satellite and DSL types of internet connections. Broadband internet connections are highly reliable and fast. Like other types of internet connections, they require modems to connect to the internet.
Internet over Satellite (average 500Kbps)
Satellite connection provides uninterrupted internet connectivity. Internet over Satellite uses a communication satellite that is on a stationary position in orbit. Due to the huge distance the data has to be transmitted, the speed of satellite is a bit lower than Broadband types of internet connections.
Tier Carrier
These types of internet connections are used by Internet Service Providers (ISP) to connect to the internet backbone. The main difference between T-1,T-2,T-4 and T-3 internet connections are the number of individual channels. Each individual channel, that can carry both data and voice traffic, has a band width close to 64Kbps. A T-1 line consists of 26 individual channels whereas T-3 has 672 individual channels. Therefore, if you do the mathematics for T-3 lines, we are talking about 43Mbps or more. T-5 is up to 400Mbps.
DSL (128Kbps to 8Mbps)
DSL, which also refers to xDSL, uses 2-wire copper telephone lines and it does not require dialling in to an ISP. In fact, DSL is an "always on" internet connection. There are different categories of DSL and they are SDSL, VDSL and ADSL.
Optical Cable (1Gbps+)
Fiber-optic is the most common internet connection. It has the highest data rates compared to other types of internet connections after internet2. It is easy to maintain. There are three types of fiber-optic internet connections and they are the plastic optical fiber, single mode, and multimode.
Internet2 (100Gbps)
Internet2 provides the highest internet speed connectivity. It was developed by a networking consortium to meet the high-speed internet demand for research and education work. It has a speed of 100Gbps. The use of internet2 is not common.
Setup Dial-Up for Vista
Dial up internet connection is a type of internet connection that requires a standard phone line. To set up a dial up internet connection, often times, one requires a software driver and a telephone, which in this case, is your modem. In some instances, the Windows operating system's network utility is the software that controls the modem.
If there is a software driver in the kit that comes along with your phone, then the first thing is to get it installed. Don't connect your modem until you've finished installing your software driver. Disable your antivirus and firewalls until installation is complete before you enable them again. DO NOT SURF THE NET WITHOUT YOUR ANTIVIRUS AND FIREFOX ENABLED.
Follow these steps to setup a dial up internet connection in Vista:
1. Click on the start menu
2. Click on Network and Internet
3. Click on connections
4. Click on setup
5. The username is usually a combination of the phone number and the URL of your ISP as an email address. Except otherwise stated by your service provider, the password is usually your phone number. Remember to complete this stage by including #777 as shown.
6. Now you've set up your dial up connection. You can now start surfing the internet. There is one more thing though: It'd be nice if you've a short cut of this newly created network connection on your desktop. To do this, click on the start menu-> control panel-> network and sharing center-> click on 'manage network connections' at the right-hand side-> right-click on the newly created network connection and select 'create shortcut option.' Click Ok when a window pops up seeking your permission to create the shortcut on PC desktop. That's it, you've just setup a dial up connection for windows vista!
If there is a software driver in the kit that comes along with your phone, then the first thing is to get it installed. Don't connect your modem until you've finished installing your software driver. Disable your antivirus and firewalls until installation is complete before you enable them again. DO NOT SURF THE NET WITHOUT YOUR ANTIVIRUS AND FIREFOX ENABLED.
Follow these steps to setup a dial up internet connection in Vista:
1. Click on the start menu
2. Click on Network and Internet
3. Click on connections
4. Click on setup
5. The username is usually a combination of the phone number and the URL of your ISP as an email address. Except otherwise stated by your service provider, the password is usually your phone number. Remember to complete this stage by including #777 as shown.
6. Now you've set up your dial up connection. You can now start surfing the internet. There is one more thing though: It'd be nice if you've a short cut of this newly created network connection on your desktop. To do this, click on the start menu-> control panel-> network and sharing center-> click on 'manage network connections' at the right-hand side-> right-click on the newly created network connection and select 'create shortcut option.' Click Ok when a window pops up seeking your permission to create the shortcut on PC desktop. That's it, you've just setup a dial up connection for windows vista!
Safe Web Surfing Tips
One of the most common places to get a virus or spyware is from web browsing. There are many websites that are waiting for you to make a mistake so they can install some type of virus or malware on your system. Due to this, it is important to use some caution when surfing the web. The following guide has some tips to help you avoid getting malware from your web surfing.
Browswer Choice
Internet explorer in the past has had security issues which has made firefox a better choice when it comes to web browsing security. However, Microsoft has put a great deal of effort into improving internet explorer security. Due to this, I think either IE or Firefox are good choices when it comes to choosing a browser. No matter what browser you choose to use, make sure download and install any recommended updates. A lot of times these updates may fix a found security problem.
Anti-Virus Guard and Firewall
I would recommend having a good anti-virus program installed that has a Virus guard with it. Also, make sure you have this feature of your virus program on. To go along with this, if you are running Windows, make sure you have the firewall on as well. The combination of good antivirus protection and a firewall can help prevent a lot of problems.
Downloads
A common place to get a virus is from a bad download. I would recommend only downloading files from known and trusted websites. I have seen a lot of people get a virus trying to download music from an untrusted website or torrent.
Spotting a Bad Website
Spotting a bad website can be tough to do. I have to admit that I have stumbled upon many bad websites in my time. However, what you do after you get to the untrusted website can save you from getting a virus. If you find a website that is horribly designed, pop-ups tons of windows, and maybe even causes your anti-virus program to pop-up an alert it is best to get away from that website. Make sure you close any popups. You should also follow the recommended action of your virus to delete/quarentine any viruses/spyware.
Installing Windows Updates
If you are a Windows user, make sure you download and install any Windows updates that are recommended for your computer. Sometimes these updates close security holes that were found in Windows.
Browswer Choice
Internet explorer in the past has had security issues which has made firefox a better choice when it comes to web browsing security. However, Microsoft has put a great deal of effort into improving internet explorer security. Due to this, I think either IE or Firefox are good choices when it comes to choosing a browser. No matter what browser you choose to use, make sure download and install any recommended updates. A lot of times these updates may fix a found security problem.
Anti-Virus Guard and Firewall
I would recommend having a good anti-virus program installed that has a Virus guard with it. Also, make sure you have this feature of your virus program on. To go along with this, if you are running Windows, make sure you have the firewall on as well. The combination of good antivirus protection and a firewall can help prevent a lot of problems.
Downloads
A common place to get a virus is from a bad download. I would recommend only downloading files from known and trusted websites. I have seen a lot of people get a virus trying to download music from an untrusted website or torrent.
Spotting a Bad Website
Spotting a bad website can be tough to do. I have to admit that I have stumbled upon many bad websites in my time. However, what you do after you get to the untrusted website can save you from getting a virus. If you find a website that is horribly designed, pop-ups tons of windows, and maybe even causes your anti-virus program to pop-up an alert it is best to get away from that website. Make sure you close any popups. You should also follow the recommended action of your virus to delete/quarentine any viruses/spyware.
Installing Windows Updates
If you are a Windows user, make sure you download and install any Windows updates that are recommended for your computer. Sometimes these updates close security holes that were found in Windows.
How To Find An IP Address
Nowadays, we live in the world of the internet and rarely does a single day pass by in which we don't log onto the net. However, have you ever thought of how we are able to connect to a person sitting nearly on the other side of the globe? In the case of the internet, the network on which all the systems reside is called WWW and it's too complicated for a non-technical person like us to comprehend it fully. So, I will just state briefly how different computers talk to each other on this world wide web or any other smaller network like you use at your work place or in your home.
First off all, you should know that whenever a system connects to a network, it must identify itself uniquely on the network so that there is no conflict in identification. In order to do so, under Internet Protocol (IP), a unique address is provided to each system on a network. This Internet Protocol along with Transfer Control Protocol is generally referred as TCP/IP. There are different versions of IP like – Ipv4 or IPv6. The most commonly used one is IPv4. This protocol assigns a 4 byte IP Address to a system. Normally, an IP Address is nothing but a combination of 4 sets of integers in the range of 0 to 255 and joined together by the ".". For example 192.168.1.1 is a valid IP address. In case of IPv6, 16 bytes are used for this IP Address. So, whenever you connect to a network, your system will be assigned an IP Address like this. There are different ways you can connect to a network or to the Internet. You may connect to your ISP directly or you may do the same through a Router. In both ways, your system will be assigned an IP Address. Now there are two different types of IP Addresses – Static IP Address and Dynamic IP Address. In case of Static IP Address, your system is assigned a unique IP Address which does not change along with the time. Whenever your system gets a dynamic IP Address, however, your system's IP Address will change frequently. To get a unique IP Address each time you connect to a network or restart your router, normally you connect to a DHCP server and the server assigns you one IP Address from the pool of IP Addresses. In this case you don't know which IP Address your system is assigned when you log onto your system.
There are different ways to identify your system's IP Address. Likewise, you can also find out the IP Address of other systems on your network or Internet. This guide will show how to find out the IP Address of your own local system on a network and also the IP address of any website you visit.
To find out the IP address of a local system, there are different ways. We will discuss them one by one for a Windows XP system.
Method 1
First of all, open your "Start" menu and hit on "Run" or just hold on the "Windows" key on your keyboard and press "r". The following window will open up. Type "command" or "cmd" in the field provided. Click on "Ok".
The following black window will open up.
In this command window, type "ipconfig" and hit enter. And you will see the following output,
In the output, you can see the IP Address of my system is 172.16.21.98. Now, this is the IP Address my system is assigned on the LAN. But the IP Address provided by my ISP or Internet Service Provider is something different. We will also see how to find out that IP Address.
If you want detailed information of how your system is connecting to Internet or LAN, you should go for the following command, "ipconfig/all". See the next screenshot,
You will see new information regarding your network here, but the most important among them all is the MAC Address under the column of "Physical Address". It is the unique address of your network adapter or card. Take a note of it.
Method 2
Now we will see a different way to find out system's IP Address.
On a Windows XP System, click on "Start" Menu and go for "Control Panel". The following window will open up, click on "Network and Internet Connections" under "Pick a category".
The following window will open. Click on "Network Connections" under "pick a Control Icon". See below,
On the next window, you will see an icon named "Local Area Connection", double click on it and the following window will pop up,
On the top, you will see a tab "Support", click on it. Under this tab there is a button "Details", click on it,
On the next window, you will see a box with all the details of your network, it will be the same as the output of "ipconfig" command.
Now, you have seen the ways you can identify your system's IP Address assigned by your Router or ISP. You may also want to know the IP Address of other systems or you may want to know the IP Addresses of some websites. As we already discussed, each system or server on any network will be assigned a unique IP Address, the same goes for a website also. So, we will briefly discuss the best way to find out the IP Address of a website.
First open your command prompt, as stated earlier and type the following command in that black box, hit enter. Output is shown in the next screenshot,
Command – ping www.google.co.in
You can see in the first line of the output, "Pinging www.google.co.in [74.125.45.99]...". The IP address of this website is 74.125.45.99. So, before pinging the website, your system first resolves the website's name with DNS and gets the IP Address of the website. After it resolves the IP, it starts pinging the server with data packets.
Now you know how to find your computer's IP address along with how to find the IP address of a website.
First off all, you should know that whenever a system connects to a network, it must identify itself uniquely on the network so that there is no conflict in identification. In order to do so, under Internet Protocol (IP), a unique address is provided to each system on a network. This Internet Protocol along with Transfer Control Protocol is generally referred as TCP/IP. There are different versions of IP like – Ipv4 or IPv6. The most commonly used one is IPv4. This protocol assigns a 4 byte IP Address to a system. Normally, an IP Address is nothing but a combination of 4 sets of integers in the range of 0 to 255 and joined together by the ".". For example 192.168.1.1 is a valid IP address. In case of IPv6, 16 bytes are used for this IP Address. So, whenever you connect to a network, your system will be assigned an IP Address like this. There are different ways you can connect to a network or to the Internet. You may connect to your ISP directly or you may do the same through a Router. In both ways, your system will be assigned an IP Address. Now there are two different types of IP Addresses – Static IP Address and Dynamic IP Address. In case of Static IP Address, your system is assigned a unique IP Address which does not change along with the time. Whenever your system gets a dynamic IP Address, however, your system's IP Address will change frequently. To get a unique IP Address each time you connect to a network or restart your router, normally you connect to a DHCP server and the server assigns you one IP Address from the pool of IP Addresses. In this case you don't know which IP Address your system is assigned when you log onto your system.
There are different ways to identify your system's IP Address. Likewise, you can also find out the IP Address of other systems on your network or Internet. This guide will show how to find out the IP Address of your own local system on a network and also the IP address of any website you visit.
To find out the IP address of a local system, there are different ways. We will discuss them one by one for a Windows XP system.
Method 1
First of all, open your "Start" menu and hit on "Run" or just hold on the "Windows" key on your keyboard and press "r". The following window will open up. Type "command" or "cmd" in the field provided. Click on "Ok".
The following black window will open up.
In this command window, type "ipconfig" and hit enter. And you will see the following output,
In the output, you can see the IP Address of my system is 172.16.21.98. Now, this is the IP Address my system is assigned on the LAN. But the IP Address provided by my ISP or Internet Service Provider is something different. We will also see how to find out that IP Address.
If you want detailed information of how your system is connecting to Internet or LAN, you should go for the following command, "ipconfig/all". See the next screenshot,
You will see new information regarding your network here, but the most important among them all is the MAC Address under the column of "Physical Address". It is the unique address of your network adapter or card. Take a note of it.
Method 2
Now we will see a different way to find out system's IP Address.
On a Windows XP System, click on "Start" Menu and go for "Control Panel". The following window will open up, click on "Network and Internet Connections" under "Pick a category".
The following window will open. Click on "Network Connections" under "pick a Control Icon". See below,
On the next window, you will see an icon named "Local Area Connection", double click on it and the following window will pop up,
On the top, you will see a tab "Support", click on it. Under this tab there is a button "Details", click on it,
On the next window, you will see a box with all the details of your network, it will be the same as the output of "ipconfig" command.
Now, you have seen the ways you can identify your system's IP Address assigned by your Router or ISP. You may also want to know the IP Address of other systems or you may want to know the IP Addresses of some websites. As we already discussed, each system or server on any network will be assigned a unique IP Address, the same goes for a website also. So, we will briefly discuss the best way to find out the IP Address of a website.
First open your command prompt, as stated earlier and type the following command in that black box, hit enter. Output is shown in the next screenshot,
Command – ping www.google.co.in
You can see in the first line of the output, "Pinging www.google.co.in [74.125.45.99]...". The IP address of this website is 74.125.45.99. So, before pinging the website, your system first resolves the website's name with DNS and gets the IP Address of the website. After it resolves the IP, it starts pinging the server with data packets.
Now you know how to find your computer's IP address along with how to find the IP address of a website.
How to optimize Mozilla Firefox
This is the age of the Internet and rarely does a day goes by when we are not online. I have been in this field for a long time and the most important thing for me when I am online is how comfortable I am with my Web Browser. I think we all have similar opinions about using a web browser. Internet Explorer has been in the market from the very beginning and over the years there have been many other web browsers in the market as well. Just for an example, Netscape had a quite a good start but later it faded out. Currently, there is one Web Browser that has surpassed all the competition in market and that is Mozilla Firefox. It has been my favorite web browser and I would recommend it to anyone.
For anyone who doesn't know, Firefox is the open source Web Browser from Mozilla. You can take it as a part of the Mozilla Web Browser Suit. Currently, it is released for every major version of OS including Windows, Linux and Mac OS. Since Firefox has all the cool features a general Web surfer would ever need, it has survived the competition with Internet Explorer, which Netscape could not do. Just to name a few good features, it has tabbed windows which will allow you to open new web pages inside one single Firefox window only. You still can choose to open every link in new windows if you want however. Second, it has in built protection for pop-ups. You also get inline spell checking, built in phrasing protection, and also a tab especially for Google search. Firefox has evolved while still keeping the general web user's needs in mind. That's what makes it one of the most used Web Browsers!
Though all the configurations of Firefox are designed for an optimized experience of Web Surfing, you can still enhance it some more. Many factors play an important role when we are talking about the speed of a Web Browser. It depends on your Internet connectivity, the Web Server you are visiting, and then most importantly your computer's hardware profile. So, here you will find all the tricks that can make your Firefox run faster than ever before.
First of all you need to open the editor where you will configure your Firefox. To do so, open your Firefox browser and type "about:configure" in the address bar (URL bar) and hit enter. The following page will open,
Read the warning message carefully because what you are about to do is really for an advanced user who knows what he or she is doing. If you aren't, then don't worry here. This guide will show you all the steps in detail. So, just click on the button saying "I'll be careful, I promise!" and the next window will open up,
First off all, you must know what HTTP stands for. It stands for Hyper Text Transfer protocol or the application layer protocol which every browser uses to communicate with the outer world. When you open a web page, your web browser sends a request to the web server and the response comes to the web browser which later is parsed by the browser for display. All of this communication is done in this HTTP. Now while opening a single web page, your browser needs to send multiple requests to the specified web server to get full data required to display the web page. Since HTTP 1.1, a new technology called pipelining has been implemented in Mozilla Firefox to bypass this problem. Using pipelining Firefox can send multiple requests to the web server before it receives any responses from the web server. It reduces the loading time of a web page by a significant amount by not waiting for a response from web server. To configure your Mozilla Firefox to do so, type "pipelining" in the "filter" bar as shown below and you will get four hits,
You will see various columns here. All we are concerned with are "Preference Name" and "Value". Look for the entry "network.http.pipelining" in the list and see its value. If it's false, double click on it and it will change to "true" along with some other changes under rest of the columns which we don't bother with. See the result below,
Setting this value to "true" will allow your Firefox to send multiple requests to any server before getting any response and you can start reading a web page before it is fully loaded. Now, we will change the value of the property name "network.http.pipelining.maxrequests". By defaults the value will be 4, so change it to at least 8. It defines the number of requests your Firefox can send simultaneously to a web server and if you are using a broad band connection then there is no point in keeping it to 4. If you are on dial-up, you probably want to leave it at 4. To change this, double click on the property and the following window will open up and you can enter the desired value there and hit "OK",
Now to enhance the capabilities of your Firefox more, look for the entry "network.http.proxy.pipelining". By default, the value should be "false", double click it to change it to "true". Now the configuration window should look something like the following,
These settings are the most important ones which will enable you to get your Firefox working at the maximum speed possible in any network environment regardless of the system you are using. As already mentioned, changing these settings is for advanced users. So, if at any point you feel like you messed something up, just right click the property and you will see an option "Reset" to restore the Browser's default value.
For anyone who doesn't know, Firefox is the open source Web Browser from Mozilla. You can take it as a part of the Mozilla Web Browser Suit. Currently, it is released for every major version of OS including Windows, Linux and Mac OS. Since Firefox has all the cool features a general Web surfer would ever need, it has survived the competition with Internet Explorer, which Netscape could not do. Just to name a few good features, it has tabbed windows which will allow you to open new web pages inside one single Firefox window only. You still can choose to open every link in new windows if you want however. Second, it has in built protection for pop-ups. You also get inline spell checking, built in phrasing protection, and also a tab especially for Google search. Firefox has evolved while still keeping the general web user's needs in mind. That's what makes it one of the most used Web Browsers!
Though all the configurations of Firefox are designed for an optimized experience of Web Surfing, you can still enhance it some more. Many factors play an important role when we are talking about the speed of a Web Browser. It depends on your Internet connectivity, the Web Server you are visiting, and then most importantly your computer's hardware profile. So, here you will find all the tricks that can make your Firefox run faster than ever before.
First of all you need to open the editor where you will configure your Firefox. To do so, open your Firefox browser and type "about:configure" in the address bar (URL bar) and hit enter. The following page will open,
Read the warning message carefully because what you are about to do is really for an advanced user who knows what he or she is doing. If you aren't, then don't worry here. This guide will show you all the steps in detail. So, just click on the button saying "I'll be careful, I promise!" and the next window will open up,
First off all, you must know what HTTP stands for. It stands for Hyper Text Transfer protocol or the application layer protocol which every browser uses to communicate with the outer world. When you open a web page, your web browser sends a request to the web server and the response comes to the web browser which later is parsed by the browser for display. All of this communication is done in this HTTP. Now while opening a single web page, your browser needs to send multiple requests to the specified web server to get full data required to display the web page. Since HTTP 1.1, a new technology called pipelining has been implemented in Mozilla Firefox to bypass this problem. Using pipelining Firefox can send multiple requests to the web server before it receives any responses from the web server. It reduces the loading time of a web page by a significant amount by not waiting for a response from web server. To configure your Mozilla Firefox to do so, type "pipelining" in the "filter" bar as shown below and you will get four hits,
You will see various columns here. All we are concerned with are "Preference Name" and "Value". Look for the entry "network.http.pipelining" in the list and see its value. If it's false, double click on it and it will change to "true" along with some other changes under rest of the columns which we don't bother with. See the result below,
Setting this value to "true" will allow your Firefox to send multiple requests to any server before getting any response and you can start reading a web page before it is fully loaded. Now, we will change the value of the property name "network.http.pipelining.maxrequests". By defaults the value will be 4, so change it to at least 8. It defines the number of requests your Firefox can send simultaneously to a web server and if you are using a broad band connection then there is no point in keeping it to 4. If you are on dial-up, you probably want to leave it at 4. To change this, double click on the property and the following window will open up and you can enter the desired value there and hit "OK",
Now to enhance the capabilities of your Firefox more, look for the entry "network.http.proxy.pipelining". By default, the value should be "false", double click it to change it to "true". Now the configuration window should look something like the following,
These settings are the most important ones which will enable you to get your Firefox working at the maximum speed possible in any network environment regardless of the system you are using. As already mentioned, changing these settings is for advanced users. So, if at any point you feel like you messed something up, just right click the property and you will see an option "Reset" to restore the Browser's default value.
Thursday, October 29, 2009
Internet Speed Tips
Today is an age of the Internet. Our every day lives are being driven by the world wide web no matter what corner of the globe we are located. Most people are online for at least 2-3 hours a day, and if you are like me who likes to spend hours browsing online, then there is no limit. You are aware of your ISP or Internet Service Provider who gives you the Internet connection. Depending on the schemes, you may be using one of the following - a 54 kbps dial-up connection, 128 kbps ISDN connection, or a 256 kbps to 2 mbps DSL connection or high speed cable broadband connection. If you are like me, you sometimes feel like your Internet is too slow whenever watching a favorite video clip on YouTube or having a video chat session with your friend. You may even consider changing your internet connection plan to another high speed one. You may not be aware of the fact that your Internet connection and your browser can be optimized to give you an ultimate experience with an enhanced browsing speed. There are many methods which can get the job done for you, but we will discuss only those which are used and proven by experts. Lets gets started with the following: First click to "Run" on the "Start" menu and type "gpedit.msc". Hit enter and the following window will pop up.
This window is the place where the computer administer configures various desktop settings for a particular system on the network such as start menu options, desktop properties, how different programs are associated with a particular desktop, etc. If you are not on a network and using your system yourself then obviously you are the system administer for your system, and you need to go for "Local Computer Policy" which defines the desktop configuration for the current system on which the steps are being executed. So, the next thing to do is to click on the "Administrative Templates" under "Computer Configuration" option. Whatever changes you make here are directly associated with the registry settings and so you must be very much careful before making any changes. The next window will open up
You can see there are four items listed on the right panel, "Windows Component", "System", "Network" and "Printers". Administrative Templates are nothing but simple text files to provide policy information for a particular item in the list. The files are stored on the system with an extension of ".adm". There are mainly four types of .adm files available on your system, each of which is designed for specific tasks. These are – "System.adm", "Inetres.adm", "Wmplayer.adm" and "Conf.adm". Now, we are interested in only "System.adm" files which are required to configure the system, the network, printers and Windows components. Among them, we are only interested in "Network" system.adm files. These system.adm files define the way a client computer connects to the network. This involves various configurations issues with DNS (Domain Name Server) and offline files. Some of them are "DNS Client", "Network Connections", "Offline files", "QoS Packet Schedulers", "SNMP", Background Intelligent Transfer Service" and "DFS Client Settings". We are interested in "QoS Packet Schedulers". QoS stands for Quality of Service. This setting is used to define the priority of various applications running on your system. Based on the priority a specific application receives, bandwidth is allocated to it. Mainly QoS aware applications are considered under this setting. When you click on the "QoS Packet Scheduler" on the right panel, the followings options will show up,
You will see the following entry in the list, "Limit reservable bandwidth". This option determines what percentage of your total bandwidth is reserved by the system for various system specific tasks like automatic windows update or antivirus update. You will see the entry "Not configured" under the state column i.e. the system is still using the default settings. When no settings have been specified by the local user, windows keeps 20% of the total bandwidth available for this task. It's this 20% of your bandwidth which we are after. You have to make your system give you back this 20% bandwidth! So click on it,
The above window will open up which allows you to change the default settings for this item of "QoS Packet Scheduler". If you see that the "Not Configured" option is checked in, then check the "Enabled" option and the lower percentage selector dropdown box will be activated. Make sure you reduce it to "0%". It's shown in the following screenshot,
Now click on "Ok" and all the settings will be in effect once you restart your computer. The next time you log onto your computer, you will experience an enhanced browsing speed. This trick is mostly beneficial for users who are using lower bandwidth connections like dial-up, ISDN or DSL. They can really use this extra 20% bandwidth from their internet connection. However, if you are a high speed internet user, why do you want to let your Windows reserve a significant portion of your total bandwidth. There are always ways in which you can make use of this extra bandwidth!
Improve Startup Times and Speed
When Windows starts up it automatically loads a number of programs, many of which you may not need. As you install more and more programs, this list can continue to grow. The following guide can help you improve your computer's startup times by decreasing the number of programs that startup. This will be done be disabling certain programs from running as windows starts up.
For Windows XP
Here are simple steps to Disable Programs at Startup in XP.
1. Click on Start->Run
2. Type "msconfig" and click OK. (This will bring up System Configuration Utility.)
3. In the System Configuration Utility, Click the tab called Startup.
4. Now you can uncheck any programs that you do not want running at Windows XP startup.
5. Once you are done unchecking programs, Click Okay. You will be prompted to restart your computer at this point.
For Windows XP
Here are simple steps to Disable Programs at Startup in XP.
1. Click on Start->Run
2. Type "msconfig" and click OK. (This will bring up System Configuration Utility.)
3. In the System Configuration Utility, Click the tab called Startup.
4. Now you can uncheck any programs that you do not want running at Windows XP startup.
5. Once you are done unchecking programs, Click Okay. You will be prompted to restart your computer at this point.
Remove Spyware
The tips and help below should be able to help you make your computer run faster.
Remove Spyware
" Spyware can build up on your computer and slow your PC down over time. Spyware can sneak onto your computer from web browsing or web downloads. One way to to help your computer performance is to detect and remove any spyware."
Remove Spyware
" Spyware can build up on your computer and slow your PC down over time. Spyware can sneak onto your computer from web browsing or web downloads. One way to to help your computer performance is to detect and remove any spyware."
Monday, October 26, 2009
Inserting Music and Charts on a Slide
You can also insert sound or music on a slide. It may be a sound or movie. When a slide run, movie or sound also plays. To insert music or sound on a slide, follow these steps.
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Display the slide you want to add music or sound to.
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On the Insert menu, point to Movies and Sounds, submenu will appear. Do one of the following:
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To insert a sound from the Clip Gallery, click Sound from Gallery, and then locate and insert the sound you want.
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To insert a sound from another location, click Sound from File, locate the folder that contains the sound, and then double-click the sound you want.
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A sound icon appears on the slide.
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A message is displayed. If you want the sound to play automatically when you go to the slide, click Yes if you want the sound to play only when you click the sound icon during a slide show, click No.
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To preview the sound in normal view, double-click the sound icon.
Inserting Charts on Slide
In Microsoft PowerPoint, you can create a chart on a slide. Usually charts or graphs are created for numerical data. The Microsoft Excel is a best program for creating charts. In PowerPoint, the default chart is the standard 3D column chart.
To insert a chart on the slide, follow these steps.
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Select the slide into which you want to insert chart.
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Select "Chart" from the Insert menu, a graph of sample data is automatically created on the slide and datasheet including sample data is also opened.
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Replace the labels in the first row and first column with the labels of your choice. For example to create chart of maximum and minimum temperature of different cities, follow these steps.
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Starting from second cell of first row enter names of cities.
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Type "Maximum" & "Minimum" into first cells of second and third rows respectively and also type data of temperature under the headings.
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Delete other data by selecting it.
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The graph is automatically created (or modified) according to the data. Click anywhere on the empty space of slide, the chart is inserted and datasheet is disappeared.
Thursday, October 8, 2009
How to use any favorite text as bullet in Word?
In Microsoft Word, lists of items or important points of a specific topic are presented in the documents in a prominent way by applying default bullets and numbering. By default, word provides only few built-in bullets and numbers to prominent your important points. But if you wish to use your name or any favorite word as a bullet then you can modify the default bullets lists.
Follow the given steps to modify the default bullets with your favorite name:
First click on Start button, go to Program then click on Microsoft Word to run the word page.
Now go to File menu and click on Open option to open any word file then go to Format menu and click on Bullets and Numbering option.
Here a small dialog will appear with title "Bullets and Numbering", now click on one of the number formats that you are not using in the document and click on Customize button. In the number format box, type your favorite text (in this case, we are using Tony, Google and MSN as bullets, you can set a different font if you like, or the underlying paragraph font will be used). You can enter 30 characters in the box which should be sufficient for most of the uses to which this is likely to be put.
Creating Charts in Excel.
In excel, you can create chart very easily using the Chart Wizard. The chart created can be inserted into the same worksheet or into different worksheet of same workbook.
To create a new chart, follow these steps.
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Select the data for which you want to create chart. For example to create chart of student marks, the worksheet with data is given below.
| Name | Math | Urdu | Total |
| lilly | 25 | 50 | 75 |
| Joni | 20 | 55 | 75 |
| jhon | 22 | 60 | 82 |
| Eizo | 21 | 45 | 66 |
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Click the Chart Wizard button on the Standard Toolbar.
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Select chart type, chart sub-type from dialog box and then click “Next” button, a dialog box is displayed with a sample of chart you have selected.
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Check the Data range and correct it if required and also specify whether you want to plot chart of data series in rows or columns.
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Click ”Next” button of dialog box ,Chart options dialog box appears.
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Specify chart title, X-axis title Y-axis title, legends, Data-labels etc. Click” Next” button.
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Specify chart location in dialog box. The chart can be created in different sheet. By default, the chart is inserted into the same worksheet.
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Click the “Finish” button of chart location dialog box to complete the chart creating process.
How to recover the corrupted files in Microsoft Excel?
This tip will help you to recover the corrupted files of Microsoft excel. There is no need to use any third party software to manage these types of corrupted files, because Microsoft provides built-in support in Excel to deal with these files in better ways. You can use the SYLK (Symbolic Link) format to restore the corrupted files in previous state.
Follow the given steps to recover the corrupted files in MS excel:
First click on Start button, go to Program then click on Microsoft Excel to run the excel page.
Now go to File menu and click on Open option to open the corrupted file.
Now again go to File menu and click on Save As option to save the file as type SYLK. Click on Save button to continue. Here if you want to recover the multiple sheets then save each sheet separately as type SYLK. Click on Yes button when you receive the message “Book2.slk may contain features that are not compatible with SYLK (Symbolic Link). Do you want to keep the workbook in this format?". Now close the all opened excel files then again go to File menu and click on Open option to open the .slk type file that you saved in previous step. Now again go to File menu and click on Save As option to save the file as type Microsoft Excel Workbook. Click on Save button to finish the process.
Splitting a Single Cell into Multiple Cells
You can also divide a single cell of a table into multiple cells. For example, you can divide a single cell into multiple cells to create table subheadings etc. To divide or split a single cell into multiple cells, one of the following ways is used.
Select the cell you want to divide into multiple cells.
Right click the mouse and select "Split Cells" from the popup menu.
OR
Click Table menu and select "Split Cells" from the drop down menu.
OR
Click "Tables and Borders" button, "Tables and Borders" toolbar appears. Click "Split Cells" button.
If one of the above commands is selected, "Split Cells" dialog box will be displayed as shown below.
Enter number of columns and rows; you want to create in the selected cell.
Click "OK" button of the "Split Cells" dialog box.Converting Text into Table
You can also convert the text of a Word document into table. Usually, the tab is used as separator between columns. It means, the text is arranged into columns by inserting tabs and then it can very easily be converted into table. You can also use commas as separators to create the columns.
To convert text into table, follow these steps.
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Separate the text of document by using commas, tabs etc., press Enter key after each record and then select these texts.
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Select "Convert" command from Table menu, a submenu appears.
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Select "Convert text to Table" from submenu, "Convert Text to Table" dialog box appears.
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Enter number of columns, text separator and select other options from the dialog box and click "Ok" button.
EXAMPLE: Convert the texts that are given below into table.
John USA 23
Miacal UK 20
Tony Canada 52
Tome Turkey 02
Steps to convert the above text into table are:
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Select the text.
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Select "Convert" command from Table menu, a submenu appears.
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Select "Convert text to Table" from submenu, "Convert Text to Table" dialog box appears.
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Enter number of columns, text separator and select other options from the dialog box and click "Ok" button. The above texts are converted into table as below.
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John USA 23 Miacal UK 20 Tony Canada 52 Tome Turkey 02
Converting Table into Text in Word File.
After creating a table and entering data into it, the table can be converted into text. To convert a table into text, follow these steps.
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Select the entire table.
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Select "Convert" command from Table menu, a submenu appears.
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Select "Convert Table to Text" command, a dialog box appears as shown below.
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Select desired option from the dialog box to separate the text of cells and then click "Ok" button.
The text in cells is separated as:
Paragraph Marks: The data in each cell is converted to a paragraph of document.
Tabs: The tabs are inserted between the text of cell
Commas: The commas are inserted between the text of cell.
Others: User defined character is inserted between the text of cell.
For example, a table is given below having four records of students.
| John | USA | 23 |
| Miacal | UK | 20 |
| Tony | Canada | 52 |
| Tome | Turkey | 02 |
The above table is converted to text by using the Tabs separator. The text of the above table is given below after conversion.
John USA 23
Miacal UK 20
Tony Canada 52
Tome Turkey 02
How to perform automatic Saving & Backup of your Word file?
Microsoft Word also has an important feature of saving your work automatically into the current document after specified time. By default, word automatically saves your current document after every ten minutes but you can change this time. It is also good idea for you to create backup of your files automatically. Because in this global network a computer can crash, a virus problem, or a hard drive failure can wipe out everything.
Follow the given steps to change default save time and enable auto backup feature:
First choose Options command from Tools menu. A small dialog box will open, here select the Save tab in the dialog box. Check the option "Always create backup copy" to set your word to create backup copy of file each time, you save document. Word saves this backup copy in same folder as your original document with .wbk extension. Now click the "Save AutoRecover info every" check box and enter the time in minutes. Click the Ok button of dialog box to finish the process.
search and replace text in word file
In Word, text can be searched in the current document and the searched text can also be replaced with other text. The searching and replacing processes are explained below:
The process of searching or finding a specified text in the document is called finding text. In Microsoft Word, it is performed with Find command. To apply Find command in Microsoft Word, choose one of the following.
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Select Find command from Edit menu, or press Ctrl+F shortcut key.
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Enter the text (up to 255 max. characters) you want to search in the document. It may consist of single character, word, punctuation marks, special characters etc.
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Click Find Next button of dialog box to search the given text. If the specified text is found, it is appeared in the document as selected. The Find and Replace dialog box again box again appears. Click again the Find Next button of dialog box to search for the next occurrence of the text in the document.
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Click Cancel button of dialog box to stop the search process.
The process of finding text in the current document and replacing it with another one is called replacing text. In Microsoft Word, it is performed with Replace command.
To apply Replace command in Microsoft Word, choose one of the following.
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Select Replace command from Edit menu, or Press Ctrl+H shortcut key.
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In the Find what text box enter the text you want to search and replace with another one.
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In the Replace with text box enter the text you want to replace with the searched text.
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Like the Find command, you can various search options to make your search more refine and accurate.
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Click Replace button to replace each occurrence one by one. In case you want to skip an occurrence click the Find Next button to jump to the next occurrence.
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